Yang Chai, D.D.S., Ph.D.

Yang Chai

University Professor
George and MaryLou Boone Chair in Craniofacial Biology
Director, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology
Associate Dean of Research
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC

University Professor of Biomedical Sciences,
Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery,
and Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine
Keck School of Medicine of USC

 

2250 Alcazar St.
CSA 105 – HSC 9062
Los Angeles, CA 90089
Phone: (323) 442-3480
Fax: (323) 442-2981
ychai@usc.edu
Lab website: chailab.usc.edu

Education
Experience
Awards
Research
Publications

School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
D.M.D. (MB), 1984
Stomatology

School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
Residency, 1984-1986
Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Ph.D., 1991
Craniofacial Biology

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Postdoc, 1991-1994
Craniofacial Molecular Biology

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
D.D.S., 1996
Dentistry

  • 2022 – Present – University Professor, Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery – Keck School of Medicine of USC
  • 2020 – Present – University Professor, George and MaryLou Boone Chair in Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 2020 – Present – University Professor, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine – Keck School of Medicine of USC
  • 2017 – 2020 – Professor, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine – Keck School of Medicine of USC
  • 2009 – Present – Associate Dean of Research – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 2007 – Present – Director, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 2006 – 2020 – Professor, George and MaryLou Boone Chair in Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 2004 – 2009 – Chair, Division of Craniofacial Sciences and Therapeutics – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 2002 – 2006 – Associate Professor, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1996 – 2002 – Assistant Professor, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1991 – Present – Course Director, Head and Neck Anatomy,Human Anatomy – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1991 – 1996 – Research Assistant Professor, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1991 – 1994 – Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1987 – 1991 – Research Associate, Graduate Program in Craniofacial Biology – Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • 1984 – 1986 – Teaching Faculty and Surgical Resident, Department of Oral-Maxi1lofacial Surgery – School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
  • 2024 – Elected senior member, National Academy of Inventors
  • 2018 – Elected member, National Academy of Medicine
  • 2014-present – Editorial Board, Journal of Dental Research
  • 2014-present – National Advisory Dental and Craniofacial Research Council of the NIH
  • 2012-2013 – Chair, Board of Scientific Counselors, NIDCR NIH
  • 2011-2015 – Editorial Board, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
  • 2011 – IADR Distinguished Scientist Award – Craniofacial Biology Research Award
  • 2010 – NIH MERIT Award
  • 2010 – American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Elected Fellow
  • 2008-2012 – Member of the Board of Scientific Counselors, NIDCR, NIH
  • 2007-present – Editorial Board, Developmental Biology
  • 2004-2008 – Regular member of SBDD study section CSR NIH.
  • 2004, 2006 – Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Craniofacial Morphogenesis and Tissue Regeneration
  • 2002-present – NIH Ad hoc grant reviewer (OBM-2, ODCS) and Reviewer for the Wellcome Trust, UK
  • 2001-2003 – Award of Excellence in Teaching, University of Southern California
  • 1997, 2007 – James H. Zumberge Faculty Research and Innovation Award, University of Southern California
  • 1997 – Annual Excellence in Teaching Award, University of Southern California
  • 1996 – OKU Scholarship award for outstanding academic performance
  • 1996 – Special Recognition by the Dean for outstanding service and contribution to the University of Southern California
  • 1995 – Annual Teaching Award, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry
  • 1991 – PHI KAPPA PHI, All-University Honor Society, University of Southern California, (GPA 4.0)
  • 1990 – Certificate for Outstanding Academic Achievement, University of Southern California

USC Facebase IV Craniofacial Development and Dysmorpholoy Data Management and Integration Hub (FaceBase IV) – Grant #U24 DE034163

  • Principal Investigator: Carl Kesselman, PhD, and Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 08/15/2024-05/31/2029
  • Goal: The major goal of the FaceBase data resource is to advance the impact of research into Dental, Oral and Craniofacial health and disease on improving human health. We will accomplish this by expanding the scope and scale of the existing FaceBase data repository resource to include research across all of DOC research and across the translational spectrum, from basic research to clinical applications.

Center for TMD IMPACT – Grant # R34 DE033572

  • Principal Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD, and Jianfu Chen, PhD
  • Sponsor: NIH
  • Period: 09/19/2023-09/18/2025
  • Goal: To assemble a comprehensive multi-institutional Center for TMD Improving Patient-Centered Translational Research (C-TMD IMPACT) including clinicians, research scientists, regulatory experts, and clinical trial specialists to advance basic and clinical research, research training, and evidence-based treatment for TMDs.

Alpha Clinic Network Expansion for Cell and Gene Therapies – Grant # INFR4-13878

  • Principal Investigator: Tom Buchanan PhD, Co-Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: CIRM
  • Period: 02/01/2023-01/31/2028
  • Goal: The AC has a four-part mission to: (a) advance and support clinical trials and therapeutic development for cell and gene therapies; (b) engage diverse and underserved communities in those trials and the resulting therapies; (c) provide training and education to researchers, staff, patients, and communities; and (d) exchange novel expertise with other AC network sites through lead offerings.

Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Adult Mouse Incisors – Grant #R01 DE025221

  • Principal Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 05/01/2016-12/31/2027
  • Goal: The goal of this project to provide important knowledge of the signaling network that regulates the transition from MSCs to TA cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis and will serve as the foundation for future studies in MSC biology and stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration.

The Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Tooth Root Development – Grant #R01 DE022503

  • Principal Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 07/19/2012-04/30/2029
  • Goal: The major goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that BMPmediated SHH, WNT and FGF signaling and the epigenetic modulator Ezh2 control the fate of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells during root development.

Center for Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Tissue and Organ Regeneration (C-DOCTOR) – Grant #U24 DE029463

  • Principal Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 05/07/2020-04/30/2025
  • Goal: The Center for Dental, Oral, & Craniofacial Tissue & Organ Regeneration (C-DOCTOR) is a public-private consortium focused on accelerating promising tissue engineering/regenerative medicinetherapies for dental, oral, and craniofacial tissue and organ regeneration to human clinical trials. Our overall vision for C-DOCTOR is to be a comprehensive national resource center for the clinical translation of innovative regenerative technologies to replace DOC tissues or organs lost to congenital disorders, traumatic injuries, diseases, and medical procedures.

Mechanisms and rescue of craniosynostosis associated with gene-environment interaction – Grant #5 R01 DE0030901

  • Principal Investigator: Jianfu Chen, PhD, and Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 07/01/2021-04/30/2026
  • Goal: The major goal of this project will improve our understanding of gene-environment interaction in craniosynostosis and guide our therapeutic efforts in MSC-mediated tissue regeneration in treating craniosynostosis.

TGF-β Signaling and Craniofacial Morphogenesis – Grant #R01 DE012711

  • Principal Investigator: Yang Chai, DDS, PhD
  • Sponsor: National Institutes of Health
  • Period: 08/01/2019-07/31/2025
  • Goal: The goal of this project is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanism that is critical for regulating palatal fusion during craniofacial morphogenesis.

  1. Buchanan C, Chen S, Yuan Y, Guo T, Feng J, Zhang M, Carey G, Howard I, Sanchez J, Ho TV, Chai Y. Loss of Runx2 in Gli1+ osteogenic progenitors prevents bone loss following ovariectomy. JBMR Plus, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2025, ziae141, https://doi.org/10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae141.

  2. Bian F, Hansen V, Feng HC, He J, Chen Y, Feng K, Ebrahimi B, Gray RS, Chai Y, Wu CL, Liu Z. The G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG6 maintains mouse growth plate homeostasis through IHH signaling. J Bone Miner Res. 2024 Oct 29;39(11):1644-1658. doi: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae144. PMID: 39236220; PMCID: PMC11523133.

  3. Pei F, Guo T, Zhang M, Ma L, Jing J, Feng J, Ho T-V, Wen Q, Chai Y. FGF signaling modulates mechanotransduction/WNT signaling in progenitors during tooth root development. Bone Res 12, 37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-024-00345-5.

  4. Zhang M, Guo T, Pei F, Feng J, Jing J, Xu J, Yamada T, Ho T-V, Du J, Sehgal P, Chai Y. ARID1B maintains mesenchymal stem cell quiescence via inhibition of BCL11B-mediated non-canonical Activin signaling. Nat Commun 15, 4614 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48285-2.

  5. Guo T, Pei F, Zhang M, Yamada T, Feng J, Jing J, Ho T-V, Chai Y. Vascular architecture regulates mesenchymal stromal cell heterogeneity via p53-PDGF signaling in the mouse incisor. Cell Stem Cell. 2024 May 03. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.011.

  6. Stanton E, Feng J, Kondra K, Sanchez J, Jimenez C, Brown KS, Skiles ML, Urata MM, Chai Y, Hammoudeh JA. A Calvarial Defect Model to Investigate the Osteogenic Potential of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024 Mar 1;153(3):637-646. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000010754. Epub 2023 May 24. PMID: 37224290.

  7. Pei F, Ma L, Guo T, Zhang M, Jing J, Wen Q, Feng J, Lei J, He J, Janečková E, Ho TV, Chen JF, Chai Y. Sensory nerve regulates progenitor cells via FGF-SHH axis in tooth root morphogenesis. Development. 2024 Jan 15;151(2):dev202043. doi: 10.1242/dev.202043. Epub 2024 Jan 11. PMID: 38108472.

  8. Zhang M, Feng J, Li Y, Qin PZ, Chai Y. Generation of tamoxifen-inducible Tfap2b-CreERT2 mice using CRISPR-Cas9. Genesis. 2024 Feb;62(1):e23582. doi: 10.1002/dvg.23582. Epub 2023 Dec 8. PMID: 38069547; PMCID: PMC11021159.

  9. Ma L, Chang Q, Pei F, Liu M, Zhang W, Hong YK, Chai Y, Chen JF. (2023) Skull progenitor cell-driven meningeal lymphatic restoration improves neurocognitive functions in craniosynostosis. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Nov 2;30(11):1472-1485.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.012. Epub 2023 Oct 19. PMID: 37863055; PMCID: PMC10842404.

  10. Janečková E, Feng J, Guo T, Han X, Ghobadi A, Araujo-Villalba A, Rahman MS, Ziaei H, Ho TV, Pareek S, Alvarez J, Chai Y. (2023) Canonical Wnt signaling regulates soft palate development by mediating ciliary homeostasis. Development. 2023 Mar 1;150(5):dev201189. doi: 10.1242/dev.201189. Epub 2023 Mar 9. PMID: 36825984; PMCID: PMC10108707.

  11. Black, N., & Chai, Y. (2023). Current Understanding of the Regulatory Mechanism of Tooth Root Development and Future Perspectives. Journal of the California Dental Association, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2023.2194560.

  12. Jing J, Zhang M, Guo T, Pei F, Yang Y, and Chai Y. (2022) Rodent incisor as a model to study mesenchymal stem cells in tissue homeostasis and repair. Front. Dent. Med, 30 November 2022, Volume 3 – 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2022.1068494.

  13. Pei F, Ma L, Jing J, Feng J, Yuan Y, Guo T, Han X, Ho TV, Lei J, He J, Zhang M, Chen JF, Chai Y. (2023) Sensory nerve niche regulates mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis via FGF/mTOR/autophagy axis. Nat Commun. 2023 Jan 20;14(1):344. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35977-4. PMID: 36670126; PMCID: PMC9859800.

  14. Feng J, Han X, Yuan Y, Cho CK, Janečková E, Guo T, Pareek S, Rahman MS, Zheng B, Bi J, Jing J, Zhang M, Xu J, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2022) TGF-β signaling and Creb5 cooperatively regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development. eLife. 2022 Dec 21;11:e80405. doi: 10.7554/eLife.80405. PMID: 36542062; PMCID: PMC9771365.

  15. Stanton E, Sheridan S, Urata M, Chai Y. (2022) From Bedside to Bench and Back: Advancing Our Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Cleft Palate and Implications for the Future. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2022 Dec 1:10556656221142098. doi: 10.1177/10556656221142098. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36457208. 

  16. Jing J, Feng J, Yuan Y, Guo T, Lei J, Pei F, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2022) Spatiotemporal single-cell regulatory atlas reveals neural crest lineage diversification and cellular function during tooth morphogenesis. Nat Commun. 2022 Aug 16;13(1):4803. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32490-y. PMID: 35974052; PMCID: PMC9381504. 

  17. Gu R, Zhang S, Saha SK, Ji Y, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Sun B, Islam M, Trainor PA, Chen Y, Xu Y, Chai Y, Burkart-Waco D, Zhou CJ. (2022) Single-cell transcriptomic signatures and gene regulatory networks modulated by Wls in mammalian midline facial formation and clefts. Development. 2022 Jul 15;149(14):dev200533. doi: 10.1242/dev.200533. Epub 2022 Jul 22. PMID: 35781558; PMCID: PMC9382898. 

  18. Schuler RE, Bugacov A, Hacia JG, Ho TV, Iwata J, Pearlman L, Samuels BD, Williams C, Zhao Z, Kesselman C, Chai Y. (2022) FaceBase: A Community-Driven Hub for Data-Intensive Research. J Dent Res. 2022 Oct;101(11):1289-1298. doi: 10.1177/00220345221107905. Epub 2022 Jul 31. PMID: 35912790; PMCID: PMC9516628.

  19. Liu, N., Chen, S., Geng, D., Lei, J., Zhang, J., Li, L., Lin, Y., Ouyang, Y., Shkhyan, R., Van Handel, B., Bian, F., Mkaratigwa, T., Chai, Y. and Evseenko, D. (2022) Local Drug-Induced Modulation of gp130 Receptor Signaling Delays Disease Progression in a Pig Model of Temporo-Mandibular Joint Osteoarthritis. Front. Dent. Med. 3:937819. doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.937819.

  20. Stanton E, Urata M, Chen JF, Chai Y. (2022) The clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms, and treatment of craniosynostosis. Dis Model Mech. 2022 Apr 1;15(4):dmm049390. doi: 10.1242/dmm.049390. Epub 2022 Apr 22. PMID: 35451466; PMCID: PMC9044212.

  21. Guo T, Han X, He J, Feng J, Jing J, Janeckova E, Lei J, Ho T-V, Xu J, Chai Y. (2022) KDM6B interacts with TFDP1 to activate P53 signaling in regulating mouse palatogenesis. eLife. 2022 Feb 25;11:e74595. doi: 10.7554/eLife.74595. PMID: 35212626; PMCID: PMC9007587.

  22. Ting MC, Farmer DT, Teng CS, He J, Chai Y, Crump JG, Maxson RE. (2022) Embryonic requirements for Tcf12 in the development of the mouse coronal suture. Development. 2022 Jan 1;149(1):dev199575. doi: 10.1242/dev.199575. Epub 2022 Jan 4. PMID: 34878091; PMCID: PMC8783042.

  23. Lei J, Chen S, Jing J, Guo T, Feng J, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2022) Inhibiting Hh signaling in Gli1+ osteogenic progenitors alleviates TMJOA. J Dent Res. 2022 Jan 20;220345211059079. doi: 10.1177/00220345211059079. PMID:35045740.

  24. Ma L, Wang J, Ge J, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du Y, Luo J, Li Y, Wang F, Fan G, Chen R, Yao B, Zhao Z, Guo ML, Kim WK, Chai Y, Chen JF. (2021) Reversing neural circuit and behavior deficit in mice exposed to maternal inflammation by Zika virus. EMBO Rep. 2021 Aug 4;22(8):e51978. doi: 10.15252/embr.202051978. Epub 2021 Jul 7. PMID: 34232545; PMCID: PMC8344882.

  25. Du J, Jing J, Chen S, Yuan Y, Feng J, Ho TV, Sehgal P, Xu J, Jiang X, Chai Y. (2021) Arid1a regulates cell cycle exit of transit-amplifying cells through inhibiting the Aurka-Cdk1 axis in mouse incisor. Development. 2021 Apr 15;148(8):dev198838. doi: 10.1242/dev.198838. Epub 2021 Apr 16. PMID: 33766930; PMCID: PMC8077510.

  26. Du J, Jing J, Yuan Y, Feng J, Han X, Chen S, Li X, Peng W, Xu J, Ho TV, Jiang X, Chai Y. (2021) Arid1a-Plagl1-Hh signaling is indispensable for differentiation-associated cell cycle arrest of tooth root progenitors. Cell Rep. 2021 Apr 6;35(1):108964. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108964. PMID: 33826897; PMCID:PMC8132592.

  27. Johnson ZM, Yuan Y, Li X, Jashashvili T, Jamieson M, Urata M, Chen Y, Chai Y. (2021) Mesenchymal stem cells and three-dimensional-osteoconductive scaffold regenerate calvarial bone in critical size defects in swine. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2021 Aug;10(8):1170-1183. doi: 10.1002/sctm.20-0534. Epub 2021 Apr 1. PMID: 33794062; PMCID: PMC8284781.

  28. Han X, Feng J, Guo T, Loh YE, Yuan Y, Ho TV, Cho CK, Li J, Jing J, Janeckova E, He J, Pei F, Bi J, Song B, Chai Y. (2021) Runx2-Twist1 interaction coordinates cranial neural crest guidance of soft palate myogenesis. eLife. 2021 Jan 22;10:e62387. doi: 10.7554/eLife.62387. PMID: 33482080; PMCID: PMC7826157.

  29. He J, Jing J, Feng J, Han X, Yuan Y, Guo T, Pei F, Ma Y, Cho C, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2021) Lhx6 regulates canonical Wnt signaling to control the fate of mesenchymal progenitor cells during mouse molar root patterning. PLoS Genet. 2021 Feb 17;17(2):e1009320. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009320. PMID: 33596195; PMCID: PMC7920342.

  30. Yu M, Ma L, Yuan Y, Ye X, Montagne A, He J, Ho TV, Wu Y, Zhao Z, Sta Maria N, Jacobs R, Urata M, Wang H, Zlokovic BV, Chen JF, Chai Y. (2021) Cranial Suture Regeneration Mitigates Skull and Neurocognitive Defects in Craniosynostosis. Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):243-256.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.037. PMID: 33417861; PMCID: PMC7891303.

  31. Jing J, Feng J, Li J, Zhao H, Ho TV, He J, Yuan Y, Guo T, Du J, Urata M, Sharpe P, Chai Y. (2021) Reciprocal interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and transit amplifying cells regulates tissue homeostasis. eLife. 2021 Jan22;10:e59459. doi: 10.7554/eLife.59459. PMID: 33480845; PMCID: PMC7822593.

  32. Yuan Y, Loh YE, Han X, Feng J, Ho TV, He J, Jing J, Groff K, Wu A, Chai Y. (2020) Spatiotemporal cellular movement and fate decisions during first pharyngeal arch morphogenesis. Sci Adv. 2020 Dec 16;6(51):eabb0119. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0119. PMID: 33328221; PMCID: PMC7744069.

  33. Ma Y, Jing J, Feng J, Yuan Y, Wen Q, Han X, He J, Chen S, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2020) Ror2-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates Cdc42 and cell proliferation during tooth root development. Development. 2021 Jan 21;148(2):dev196360. doi:10.1242/dev.196360. PMID: 33323370; PMCID: PMC7847279.

  34. Li X, Shan W, Yang Y, Joralmon D, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Xu H, Rong J, Dai R, Nian Q, Chai Y, Chen Y. (2020) Limpet Tooth-Inspired Painless Microneedles Fabricated by Magnetic Field-Assisted 3D Printing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202003725.

  35. Samuels BD, Aho R, Brinkley JF, Bugacov A, Feingold E, Fisher S, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Hacia JG, Hallgrimsson B, Hansen K, Harris MP, Ho TV, Holmes G, Hooper JE, Jabs EW, Jones KL, Kesselman C, Klein OD, Leslie EJ, Li H, Liao EC, Long H, Lu N, etc… Yuan Y, Chai Y. (2020) FaceBase 3: Analytical Tools and FAIR Resources for Craniofacial and Dental Research. Development. 2020 Sep 21;147(18):dev191213. doi: 10.1242/dev.191213. PMID: 32958507; PMCID: PMC7522026.

  36. Chen S, Jing J, Yuan Y, Feng J, Han X, Wen Q, Ho TV, Lee C, Chai Y. (2020) Runx2+ Niche Cells Maintain Incisor Mesenchymal Tissue Homeostasis through IGF Signaling. Cell Rep. 2020 Aug 11;32(6):108007. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108007. PMID: 32783935; PMCID: PMC7461627.

  37. Wen Q, Jing J, Han X, Feng J, Yuan Y, Ma Y, Chen S, Ho TV, Chai Y. (2020) Runx2 regulates mouse tooth root development via activation of WNT inhibitor Notum. J Bone Miner Res. 2020 Nov;35(11):2252-2264. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4120. Epub 2020 Aug 3. PMID: 32569388; PMCID: PMC7689689.

  38. Jackson-Weaver O, Ungvijanpunya N, Yuan Y, Qian J, Gou Y, Wu J, Shen H, Chen Y, Li M, Richard S, Chai Y, Sucov HM, Xu J. (2020) PRMT1-p53 Pathway Controls Epicardial EMT and Invasion. Cell Rep. 2020 Jun 9;31(10):107739. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107739. PMID: 32521264; PMCID: PMC7425665.

  39. Men Y, Wang Y, Yi Y, Jing D, Luo W, Chai Y, Ge WP, Shen B, Stenberg W, Feng JQ, Zhao H. (2020) Gli1+ periodontium stem cells are regulated by osteocytes and occlusal force. Dev Cell. 2020 Sep 14;54(5):639-654.e6. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.006. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32652075.

  40. Zhang W, Ma L, Yang M, Shao Q, Xu J, Lu Z, Zhao Z, Chen R, Chai Y, Chen JF. (2020) Cerebral organoid and mouse models reveal a RAB39b-PI3K-mTOR pathway-dependent dysregulation of cortical development leading to macrocephaly/autism phenotypes. Genes Dev. 2020 Apr 1;34(7-8):580-597. doi: 10.1101/gad.332494.119. Epub 2020 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 32115408; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7111266.

  41. Zhang C, Lin J, Nguyen NT, Guo Y, Xu C, Seo C, Villafana E, Jimenez H, Chai Y, Guan R, Liu H. (2020) Antimicrobial Bioresorbable Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy for Bone Repair in a Comparison Study with Mg-Zn-Sr Alloy and Pure Mg. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Jan 13;6(1):517-538. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00903. Epub 2019 Dec 31. PMID: 33463195; PMCID: PMC8218913.

  42. Li X, Yuan Y, Liu L, Leung YS, Chen Y, Guo Y, Chai Y, Chen Y. (2019) 3D printing of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate scaffold with hierarchical porous structure for bone regeneration. Bio-des. Manuf. 3, 15–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-019-00056-5.

  43. Daneshgaran G, Lo AY, Paik CB, Cooper MN, Sung C, Jiao W, Park SY, Ni P, Yu RP, Vorobyova I, Jashashvili T, Hong YK, Kim GH, Conti PS, Chai Y, Wong AK. (2019) A Pre-clinical Animal Model of Secondary Head and Neck Lymphedema. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 4;9(1):18264. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54201-2. PubMed PMID: 31797883; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6892928.

  44. Janeckova E, Feng J, Li J, Rodriguez G, Chai Y. (2019) Dynamic activation of Wnt, Fgf, and Hh signaling during soft palate development. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 15;14(10):e0223879. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223879. eCollection 2019. PubMed PMID: 31613912; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6793855.

  45. Jing J, Feng J, Li J, Han X, He J, Ho TV, Du J, Zhou X, Urata M, Chai Y. (2019) Antagonistic interaction between Ezh2 and Arid1a coordinates root patterning and development via Cdkn2a in mouse molars. eLife. 2019 Jul 1;8. pii: e46426. doi:10.7554/eLife.46426. PubMed PMID: 31259687; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6602580.

  46. Shi C, Yuan Y, Guo Y, Jing J, Ho TV, Han X, Li J, Feng J, Chai Y. (2019) BMP Signaling in Regulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Incisor Homeostasis. J Dent Res. 2019 Jul;98(8):904-911. doi: 10.1177/0022034519850812. Epub 2019 May 28. PubMed PMID: 31136721; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6616121.

  47. Li J, Rodriguez G, Han X, Janecˇková E, Kahng S, Song B, Chai Y. (2019) Regulatory Mechanisms of Soft Palate Development and Malformations. J Dent Res. 2019 Aug;98(9):959-967. doi: 10.1177/0022034519851786. Epub 2019 May 31. PubMed PMID: 31150594; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6651766.

  48. Yuan Y, Chai Y. (2019) Regulatory mechanisms of jaw bone and tooth development. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2019;133:91-118. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.013. Epub 2019 Feb 11. PMID: 30902260; PMCID: PMC6986348.

  49. Kousa YA, Zhu H, Fakhouri WD, Lei Y, Kinoshita A, Roushangar RR, Patel NK, Agopian AJ, Yang W, Leslie EJ, Busch TD, Mansour TA, Li X, Smith AL, Li EB, Sharma DB, Williams TJ, Chai Y, Amendt BA, Liao EC, Mitchell LE, Bassuk AG, Gregory S, Ashley-Koch A, Shaw GM, Finnell RH, Schutte BC. (2019) The TFAP2A-IRF6-GRHL3 genetic pathway is conserved in neurulation. Hum Mol Genet. 2019 May 15;28(10):1726-1737. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz010. PubMed PMID: 30689861; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6494790.

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  123. Yamamoto S, Fukumoto E, Yoshizaki K, Iwamoto T, Yamada A, Tanaka K, Suzuki H, Aizawa S, Arakaki M, Yuasa K, Oka K, Chai Y, Nonaka K, Fukumoto S. (2008) PDGF regulates salivary gland morphogenesis via FGF expression. J Biol Chem. 283(34):23139-23149. PubMed PMID: 18559345.

  124. Zhao H, Oka K, Bringas P, Kaartinen V, Chai Y (2008) TGF-beta type I receptor Alk5 regulates tooth initiation and mandible patterning in a type II receptor-independent manner. Dev Biol. 2008 Aug 1;320(1):19-29. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.045. Epub 2008 Apr 15. PubMed PMID: 18572160; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3629921.

  125. Oka K, Oka S, Hosokawa R, Bringas Jr. P, Brockhoff II HC, Nonaka K, Chai Y. (2008) TGF-beta mediated Dlx5 signaling plays a crucial role in osteo-chondroprogenitor cell lineage determination during mandible development. Dev Biol. 2008 Sep 15;321(2):303-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.046. Epub 2008 Apr 15. PubMed PMID:18684439; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3378386.

  126. Takamori K, Hosokawa R, Xu X, Deng X, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y. (2008) Epithelial fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulates enamel formation. J Dent Res. 2008 Mar;87(3):238-43. doi: 10.1177/154405910808700307. PMID: 18296607.

  127. Xing Y, Li C, Hu L, Tiozzo C, Li M, Chai Y, Bellusci S, Anderson S, Minoo P. (2008) Mechanisms of TGFbeta inhibition of LUNG endodermal morphogenesis: the role of TbetaRII, Smads, Nkx2.1 and Pten. Dev Biol. 2008 Aug 15;320(2):340-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.044. Epub 2008 May 13. PMID: 18602626; PMCID: PMC2597224.

  128. Xu X, Han J, Ito Y, Bringas Jr. P, Deng C, Chai, Y. (2008) Ectodermal Smad4 and p38 MAPK are functionally redundant in mediating TGF-beta/BMP signaling during tooth and palate development. Dev. Cell. 15(2):322-9. PubMed PMID: 18694570; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2610417.

  129. Oka K, Oka S, Sasaki T, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr., Nonaka K, and Chai Y. (2007) The role of TGF-beta signaling in regulating chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development. Dev. Biol. 303(1):391-404. PubMed PMID: 17204263; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2074881.

  130. Oka S, Oka K, Xu X, Sasaki T, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y. (2007) Cell autonomous requirement for TGF-beta signaling during odontoblast differentiation and dentin matrix formation. Mech Dev. 2007 Jul;124(6):409-15. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.02.003. Epub 2007 Mar 12. PMID: 17449229; PMCID: PMC2704601.

  131. Ko SO, Chung IH, Xu X, Oka S, Zhao H, Cho ES, Deng CX, Chai Y. (2007) Smad4 is required to regulate the fate of cranial neural crest cells. Dev. Biol. 312(1):435-47. PubMed PMID: 17964566; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2704603.

  132. Pemberton TJ, Li FY, Oka S, Mendoza-Fandino GA, Hsu YH, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y, Snead ML, Mehrian-Shai R, Patel PI. (2007) Identification of novel genes expressed during mouse tooth development by microarray gene expression analysis. Dev Dyn. 2007 Aug;236(8):2245-57. PubMed PMID: 17626284; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4457363.

  133. Hosokawa R, Urata M, Han J, Zehnaly A., Bringas Jr P, Nonaka K, Chai Y. (2007) TGF-beta mediated Msx2 expression controls occipital somites-derived caudal region of skull development. Dev Biol. 2007 Oct 1;310(1):140-53. Epub 2007 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 17727833; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3337706.

  134. Zehnaly A, Hosokawa R, Urata M, Chai Y. (2007) TGF-beta signaling and aplasia cutis congenita: proposed animal model. J Calif Dent Assoc. 35(12):865-9. PubMed PMID: 18240750.

  135. Driskell RR, Goodheart M, Neff T, Liu X, Luo M, Moothart C, Sigmund CD, Hosokawa R, Chai Y, Engelhardt JF. (2007) Wnt3a regulates Lef-1 expression during airway submucosal gland morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 305(1):90-102. PubMed PMID: 17335794; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1892170.

  136. Han J, Ishii M, Bringas P Jr, Maas RL, Maxson RE Jr, Chai Y. (2007) Concerted action of Msx1 and Msx2 in regulating cranial neural crest cell differentiation during frontal bone development. Mech Dev. 2007 Sep-Oct;124(9-10):729-45. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.06.006. Epub 2007 Jul 10. PMID: 17693062; PMCID: PMC2220014.

  137. Dudas M, Kim J, Li WY, Nagy A, Larsson J, Karlsson S, Chai Y, Kaartinen V. (2006) Epithelial and ectomesenchymal role of the type I TGF-beta receptor ALK5 during facial morphogenesis and palatal fusion. Dev Biol. 2006 Aug 15;296(2):298-314. Epub 2006 May 27. PubMed PMID: 16806156; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1557652.

  138. Choudhary B, Ito Y, Makita T, Sasaki T, Chai Y, Sucov HM. (2006) Cardiovascular malformations with normal smooth muscle differentiation in neural crest-specific type II TGFbeta receptor (Tgfbr2) mutant mice. Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 15;289(2):420-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.11.008. Epub 2005 Dec 5. PMID: 16332365.

  139. Chai Y, Maxson RE. (2006) Recent Advances in Craniofacial Morphogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2006 Sep;235(9):2353-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 16680722.

  140. Zhao H, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y. (2006) An in vitro model for characterizing the post-migratory cranial neural crest cells of the first branchial arch. Dev Dyn. 2006 May;235(5):1433-40. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20588. PMID: 16245337; PMCID: PMC3337696.

  141. Xu X, Han J, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Urata MM, Chai Y. (2006) Cell autonomous requirement for Tgfbr2 in the disappearance of medial edge epithelium during palatal fusion. Dev Biol. 2006 Sep 1;297(1):238-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.014. Epub 2006 May 19. PMID: 16780827.

  142. Sasaki T, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Chou S, Urata MM, Slavkin H, Chai Y. (2006) TGFbeta-mediated FGF signaling is crucial for regulating cranial neural crest cell proliferation during frontal bone development. Development. 2006 Jan;133(2):371-81. doi: 10.1242/dev.02200. PMID: 16368934.

  143. Sasaki T, Ito Y, Xu X, Han J, Bringas P Jr, Maeda T, Slavkin HC, Grosschedl R, Chai Y. (2005) LEF1 is a critical epithelial survival factor during tooth morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 1;278(1):130-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.021. PMID: 15649466.

  144. Xu X, Bringas P Jr, Soriano P, Chai Y. (2005) PDGFR-alpha signaling is critical for tooth cusp and palate morphogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2005 Jan;232(1):75-84. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20197. PMID: 15543606.

  145. Jamora C, Lee P, Kocieniewski P, Azhar M, Hosokawa R, Chai Y, Fuchs E. (2005) A signaling pathway involving TGF-beta2 and snail in hair follicle morphogenesis. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan;3(1):e11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030011. Epub 2004 Dec 28. PMID: 15630473; PMCID: PMC539061.

  146. Plikus MV, Zeichner-David M, Mayer JA, Reyna J, Bringas P, Thewissen JG, Snead ML, Chai Y, Chuong CM. (2005) Morphoregulation of teeth: modulating the number, size, shape and differentiation by tuning Bmp activity. Evol Dev. 2005 Sep-Oct;7(5):440-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05048.x. PMID: 16174037; PMCID: PMC4386657.

  147. Cui XM, Shiomi N, Chen J, Saito T, Yamamoto T, Ito Y, Bringas P, Chai Y, Shuler CF. (2005) Overexpression of Smad2 in Tgf-beta3-null mutant mice rescues cleft palate. Dev Biol. 2005 Feb 1;278(1):193-202. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.023. PMID: 15649471.

  148. Hosokawa R, Urata MM, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y. (2005) Functional significance of Smad2 in regulating basal keratinocyte migration during wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Dec;125(6):1302-9. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23963.x. PMID: 16354202.

  149. Ishii M, Han J, Yen HY, Sucov HM, Chai Y, Maxson RE Jr. (2005) Combined deficiencies of Msx1 and Msx2 cause impaired patterning and survival of the cranial neural crest. Development. 2005 Nov;132(22):4937-50. doi: 10.1242/dev.02072. Epub 2005 Oct 12. PMID: 16221730.

  150. Ito Y, Yeo JY, Chytil A, Han J, Bringas P Jr, Nakajima A, Shuler CF, Moses HL, Chai Y. (2003) Conditional inactivation of Tgfbr2 in cranial neural crest causes cleft palate and calvaria defects. Development. 2003 Nov;130(21):5269-80. doi: 10.1242/dev.00708. PMID: 12975342.

  151. Han J, Ito Y, Yeo JY, Sucov HM, Maas R, Chai Y. (2003) Cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal proliferation is regulated by Msx1-mediated p19(INK4d) expression during odontogenesis. Dev Biol. 2003 Sep 1;261(1):183-96. doi: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00300-2. PMID: 12941628.

  152. Cui XM, Chai Y, Chen J, Yamamoto T, Ito Y, Bringas P, Shuler CF. (2003) TGF-beta3-dependent SMAD2 phosphorylation and inhibition of MEE proliferation during palatal fusion. Dev Dyn. 2003 Jul;227(3):387-94. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.10326. PMID: 12815624.

  153. Chai Y, Slavkin HC. (2003) Prospects for tooth regeneration in the 21st century: a perspective. Microsc Res Tech. 2003 Apr 1;60(5):469-79. doi: 10.1002/jemt.10287. PMID: 12619122.

  154. Chai Y, Ito Y, Han J. (2003) TGF-beta signaling and its functional significance in regulating the fate of cranial neural crest cells. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(2):78-88. doi: 10.1177/154411130301400202. PMID: 12764071.

  155. Zhang Y, Wang S, Song Y, Han J, Chai Y, Chen Y. (2003) Timing of odontogenic neural crest cell migration and tooth-forming capability in mice. Dev Dyn. 2003 Apr;226(4):713-8. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.10274. PMID: 12666208.

  156. Xu X, Jeong L, Han J, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y. (2003) Developmental expression of Smad1-7 suggests critical function of TGF-beta/BMP signaling in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during tooth morphogenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 2003 Feb;47(1):31-9. doi: 10.1387/14. PMID: 12653249.

  157. Jaskoll T, Zhou YM, Chai Y, Makarenkova HP, Collinson JM, West JD, Hajihosseini MK, Lee J, Melnick M. (2002) Embryonic submandibular gland morphogenesis: stage-specific protein localization of FGFs, BMPs, Pax6 and Pax9 in normal mice and abnormal SMG phenotypes in FgfR2-IIIc(+/Delta), BMP7(-/-) and Pax6(-/-) mice. Cells Tissues Organs. 2002;170(2-3):83-98. doi: 10.1159/000046183. PMID: 11731698.

  158. Jitpukdeebodintra S, Chai Y, Snead ML. (2002) Developmental patterning of the circumvallate papilla. Int J Dev Biol. 2002 Aug;46(5):755-63. PMID: 12216988.

  159. Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Mogharei A, Zhao J, Deng C, Chai Y. (2002) Receptor-regulated and inhibitory Smads are critical in regulating transforming growth factor beta-mediated Meckel’s cartilage development. Dev Dyn. 2002 May;224(1):69-78. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.10088. PMID: 11984875.

  160. Acosta JM, Chai Y, Meara JG, Bringas P Jr, Anderson KD, Warburton D. (2001) Prenatal exposure to nitrofen induces Fryns phenotype in mice. Ann Plast Surg. 2001 Jun;46(6):635-40. doi: 10.1097/00000637-200106000-00012. PMID: 11405365.

  161. Ito Y, Zhao J, Mogharei A, Shuler CF, Weinstein M, Deng C, Chai Y. (2001) Antagonistic effects of Smad2 versus Smad7 are sensitive to their expression level during tooth development. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 23;276(47):44163-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M011424200. Epub 2001 Sep 13. PMID: 11557747.

  162. Ito Y, Sarkar P, Mi Q, Wu N, Bringas P Jr, Liu Y, Reddy S, Maxson R, Deng C, Chai Y. (2001) Overexpression of Smad2 reveals its concerted action with Smad4 in regulating TGF-beta-mediated epidermal homeostasis. Dev Biol. 2001 Aug 1;236(1):181-94. doi: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0332. PMID: 11456453.

  163. Chai Y, Jiang X, Ito Y, Bringas P Jr, Han J, Rowitch DH, Soriano P, McMahon AP, Sucov HM. (2000) Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis. Development. 2000 Apr;127(8):1671-9. doi: 10.1242/dev.127.8.1671. PMID: 10725243.

  164. Zhao J, Crowe DL, Castillo C, Wuenschell C, Chai Y, Warburton D. (2000) Smad7 is a TGF-beta-inducible attenuator of Smad2/3-mediated inhibition of embryonic lung morphogenesis. Mech Dev. 2000 May;93(1-2):71-81. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00281-1. PMID: 10781941.

  165. Sarkar PS, Appukuttan B, Han J, Ito Y, Ai C, Tsai W, Chai Y, Stout JT, Reddy S. Heterozygous loss of Six5 in mice is sufficient to cause ocular cataracts. Nat Genet. 2000 May;25(1):110-4. doi: 10.1038/75500. PMID: 10802668.

  166. Amano O, Bringas P, Takahashi I, Takahashi K, Yamane A, Chai Y, Nuckolls GH, Shum L, Slavkin HC. (1999) Nerve growth factor (NGF) supports tooth morphogenesis in mouse first branchial arch explants. Dev Dyn. 1999 Nov;216(3):299-310. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199911)216:3<299::AID-DVDY8>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID: 10590481.

  167. Chai Y, Zhao J, Mogharei A, Xu B, Bringas P Jr, Shuler C, Warburton D. (1999) Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor signaling accelerates tooth formation in mouse first branchial arch explants. Mech Dev. 1999 Aug;86(1-2):63-74. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00112-4. PMID: 10446266.

  168. Chai Y, Bringas P Jr, Shuler C, Devaney E, Grosschedl R, Slavkin HC. (1998) A mouse mandibular culture model permits the study of neural crest cell migration and tooth development. Int J Dev Biol. 1998 Jan;42(1):87-94. PMID: 9496790.

  169. Chai Y, Bringas P Jr, Mogharei A, Shuler CF, Slavkin HC. (1998) PDGF-A and PDGFR-alpha regulate tooth formation via autocrine mechanism during mandibular morphogenesis in vitro. Dev Dyn. 1998 Dec;213(4):500-11. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199812)213:4<500::AID-AJA14>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID: 9853970.

  170. Chai Y, Sasano Y, Bringas P Jr, Mayo M, Kaartinen V, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Slavkin H, Shuler C. (1998) Characterization of the fate of midline epithelial cells during the fusion of mandibular prominences in vivo. Dev Dyn. 1997 Apr;208(4):526-35. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199704)208:4<526::AID-AJA8>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID: 9097024.

  171. Slavkin HC, Chai Y, Hu CC, Mayo M, Bringas P Jr, Santos V (1995) The role of growth factors in early tooth morphogenesis, In: Biological Basis for Tooth Eruption, ed. Z. Davidovitch. CRC Press, Boca Ratan, Florida.

  172. Slavkin HC, Chai Y, Hu CC, Millar-Groff S, Bringas P (1994) Intrinsic molecular deteminants of tooth development from specification to root fonnation: a review. In: Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Eruption, Resorption and Replacement by Implants.

  173. Chai Y, Mah A, Crohin C, Groff S, Bringas P, Le T, Santos V, Slavkin, H.C. (1994) Specific transfom1ing growth factor-beta subtypes regulate embryonic mouse Meckel’s cartilage and tooth development. Dev. Biol. 162. 85-103.

  174. Chai Y, Klauser DK, Denny PA, Denny PC (1993) Proliferative and structural differences. between male and female mouse submandibular glands. Anat. Rec. 235, 303-311.

  175. Denny PC, Chai Y, Klauser DK, Denny PA (1993) Parenchymal cell proliferation and mechanisms for maintenance of granular duct and acinar cell populations in adult male mouse submandibular gland. Anat. Rec. 235, 475-485.

  176. Chai Y, Crohin C, Groff S, Bringas P Jr, Santos V, Slavkin, HC (1992) Suggested functions of endogenous TGFb isoforms in regulating mandibular morphogenesis and tooth formation. Selected Biomedical Research Summaries. Am. Society for Cell BioI. pp. 1-2.

  177. Slavkin HC, Hu CC, Sakakma Y, Diekwisch T, Chai Y, Mayo M, Bringas P Jr, Simmer J, Mak G, Sasano Y, David S (1992) Gene Expression, Signal Transduction and Tissue-Specific Biominera1ization During Mammalian Tooth Development, Critical Reviews in Eucaryotic Gene Expression, Stein, G. S., Stein, J. L., & Lian, J. B., editors. CRC Press. 2 (4): 315-330.

  178. Slavkin HC, Shum L, Bringas P Jr, Sakakma Y, Chai Y, Mayo M, Santos V, Werb Z (1992) EGF regulation of Meckel’s cartilage morphogenesis during mandibular morphogenesis in serumless, chemically-defined medium in vitro. ln: Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues (eds. Slavkin HC and Price P). Elsevier Scientific Publications, Amsterdam, pp.361-368.

  179. Denny PC, Chai Y, Pimprapaiporn W, Denny PA (1990) Three-dimensional reconstruction of adult female mouse sumandibular gland secretory structures. Anat. Rec. 226, 489-500.

  180. Denny PC, Chai Y, Klauser DK, Denny PA (1990) Three-dimensional localization of DNA synthesis in secretory elements of adult female mouse submandibular gland. Advances in Dent. Res. 4, 34-44.

  181. Denny PA, Pimprapaiporn W, Bove BJ, Chai Y, Kim MS, Denny PC (1989) Appearance of acinar-cell-specific mucin in prenatal mouse submandloular gland. Differentiation 40, 93-98.

  182. Byrd KE, Chai Y (1988) Three-dimensional movement analysis of lateral pterygoid eletromyographic activity during mastication in the rat. Arch. Oral Biol. 33,635-640.